定语从句
定语从句的概念，在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
例如：
1) The man who lives next to us is a fool.
2) You must buy me the house which is near Xiangshan.
上面两句中的the man和the house是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
二、关系词(连接词)
1.关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词：that, which, who (宾格whom, 所有格whose) 和关系副词where, when, why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时还做定语从句的一个成分。
2.关于that, which的用法注意点
1)只能用that，不用which作为定语从句关系代词的情况
a)不定代词，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词
There is nothing that I can do.
I mean the one that was bought yesterday.
b)先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last修饰
This is the very book that I want to find.
The last place that I visited was the hospital.
c)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时
This is the first composition that he has written in English.
d)先行词既有人，又有物时
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2)不用that, 只用which的情况
a)引导非限定性定语从句时which
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)介词后用which
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
3.关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1)先行词是表示地点名词时(country, school, room…)，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语，一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是which前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
Beijing is the place in which (=where) I was born.
He wants to find the place in which (=where) he lived forty years ago.
2)先行词是表示时间名词时(year, month, day, night…)，而关系词代替先行词在定语
从句中充当时间状语，一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是when前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
His father died that year in which (=when) he was born.
I cannot forget the first day on which (=when) my family moved into the city.
3)先行词是the reason，而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当原因状语，一般用why引导定语从句。也可以用for + which的结构。
Is this the reason for which (why) he refused our offer?
但是这里要指出的是，如果介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思，则我们只能保留介词+Which的形式。如 I know English in which I wrote the love letter.
4.判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要
求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
练一练
1. It wasn’t such a good dinner______ she had promised us.(90.1/43)
A. that B. which C. as D. what
2. All______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.(90.1/46)
A. what is needed B. for our needs C. the thing needed D. that is needed
3. The goals______ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.(90.1/60)
A. after which B. for which C. with which D. at which
4. There is hardly an environment on earth______ some species of animal or other has not adapted successfully.(90.6/51)
A. to which B. wherever C. so that D. as to
5. Some metals are better conductors of electricity than others, ______ means that the former have atoms that contain more free electrons than the latter.(90.6/52)
A. that B. this C. it D. which
6. The minister was the person______.(91.1/69)
A. whom the state dinner was given in honor B. for whom the state dinner was given honor
C. whose honor the state dinner was given D. in whose honor the state dinner was given
7. The students will put off the outing until next week, ______ they won’t be so busy.(92.1/54)
A. when B. as C. since D. while
8. An investigation was made into the accident, ______ fifty people were killed.(92.6/42)
A. for that B. where C. when D. in which
9. The time is not far away______ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside.(92.6/64)
A. when B. as C. until D. before
10.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, ______, of course, made the others jealous.(93.6/59)
A. what B. which C. who D. that
11.______ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.(93.6/67)
A. That B. Which C. It D. As
12.The residents______ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.(93.6/68)
A. all whose homes B. all of whose homes C. all their homes D. all of their homes
13.Language is a city, to the building of______ every human being brought a stone.(94.1/51)
A. which B. that C. it D. this
14.There is hardly an environment on earth______ some species of animal or other has not adapted successfully.(94.6/53)
A. as to B. wherever C. so that D. to which
15.The time has come ______ we can make extensive use of nuclear energy.(94.6/56)
A. when B. while C. as D. since
16.______ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.(96.6/27)
A. As B. That C. It D. What
17.Melted iron is poured into the mixer much______ tea is poured into a cup from a tea-port. (96.6/48)
A. in the same way like B. in the same way which
C. in the same way D. in the same way as
18.Living in the central Australia desert has its problems, ______ obtaining water is not the least.(98.1/42)
A. for which B. to which C. of which D. in which
19.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ______ is often the case in other countries.(98.6/58)
A. as B. what C. so D. that
20.The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ______ up to half will be from overseas.(98.6/70)
A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom
21.A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, ______ were surprising.(99.1/42)
A. as results B. which results C. the results of it D. the results of which
22.I hope all the precautions against air pollution, ______ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.(99.6/53)
A. while B. since C. after D. as
23.I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place ______.(99.6/55)
A. where I’d like to visit B. in which I’d like to visit
C. I most want to visit D. that I want to visit it most
24.We need a chairman ______.(99.6/62)
A. for whom everyone has confidence B. in whom everyone has confidence
C. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on
25.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.(00.6/33)
A. that B. what C. which D. whose
26.Living in the western part of the country has its problems, ______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.(00.6/46)
A. with which B. of which C. which D. for which
27.The hours______ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.(01.1/54)
A. when B. on which C. that D. in which
28.Government reports, examination compositions, legal documents and most business letters are the main situations______ formal language is used.(01.6/46)
A. in which B. at which C. on which D. in that
29.These people once had fame and fortune; now ______ is left to them is utter poverty.(02.6/61)
A. all that B. all what C. all which D. that all
30.The residents, _____ had been damaged by the fire, were given help by the Red Cross.(02.6/64)
A. all of their homes B. all their homes C. whose all homes D. all of whose homes
答案
1-5 CDBAD
6-10 DADAB
11-15 DBADA
16-20 ADCAD
21-25 DDCBD
26-30 BCAAD
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